A Fetus with Maternal Uniparental Disomy on Chromosome 20: Case Report with Genetic Analysis and Prenatal Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: A fetus with increased copy number of chromosome 20 was identified by NIPT. Here we utilize several genetic tests and analyses to illuminate the etiology of such aneuploidy. METHODS: Amniotic fluid cells were extracted from pregnant woman and sent for karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Trio pedigree analysis was conducted with Chromosome Analysis Suite and uniparental disomy (UPD)-tool software. RESULTS: CMA identified consistent results, which were 2 regions of homozygosity: arr[GRCh37]20p12.2q11.1 (11265096_26266313)hmz and arr[GRCh37]20q11.21q13.2(29510306_54430467)hmz. The trio pedigree analysis discovered that the fetal chromosome 20 was the entire maternal UPD mosaic with isodisomy and heterodisomy. CONCLUSIONS: When a large segment of chromosome is homozygous, appropriate genetic tests are required to find the potential mechanisms for UPD formation.

Prenatal diagnosis of pseudomosaicism for trisomy 20 at amniocentesis with a negative non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) result in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome.

OBJECTIVE: We present prenatal diagnosis of pseudomosaicism for trisomy 20 at amniocentesis with a negative non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) result in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome. CASE REPORT: A 33-year-old, primigravid woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation, which revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+20[8]/46,XX[31]. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed the result of arr (1-22,X) × 2, consistent with no genomic imbalance. She was referred to the hospital for repeat amniocentesis at 23 weeks of gestation. At repeat amniocentesis, cultured amniocytes had a karyotype of 47,XX,+20[2]/46,XX[33]. The parental karyotypes were normal. Simultaneous aCGH analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes using SurePrint G3 Unrestricted CGH ISCA v2, 8 × 60 K (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) revealed no genomic imbalance, or arr (1-22,X) × 2, Y × 0. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes of RP11-266K16 [20q13.33; fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), spectrum green] and RP11-348I14 (20q11.1-q11.21; Texas Red, spectrum red) detected trisomy 20 signals in 4/104 uncultured amniocytes (3.8%), compared with 0/100 in the normal control. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis using the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes and parental bloods excluded uniparental disomy 20. NIPT analysis on maternal blood revealed a negative result without gene dosage increase in chromosome 20. The pregnancy was carried to term, and a healthy 2830-g female baby was delivered with no phenotypic abnormality. Both cord blood and placenta had a karyotype of 46,XX. CONCLUSION: NIPT is useful for rapid differential diagnosis of pseudomosaicism from true mosaicism in case of mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis.

Cytogenetic discrepancy between cultured amniocytes and uncultured amniocytes in mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome.

OBJECTIVE: We present our observation of cytogenetic discrepancy between cultured amniocytes and uncultured amniocytes in mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+20[10]/46,XX[15]. Among 25 colonies of cultured amniocytes, 10 colonies had a karyotype of 47,XX,+20, while the rest were normal. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed no genomic imbalance, or arr (1-22,X) × 2. The parental karyotypes were normal. Following genetic counseling, the woman underwent repeat amniocentesis at 20 weeks of gestation. Repeat amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+20[3]/46,XX[35]. Among 38 colonies of cultured amniocytes, three colonies had a karyotype of 47,XX,+20, while the rest were normal. Simultaneous aCGH analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed no genomic imbalance, or arr (1-22,X) × 2. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on 101 uncultured amniocytes detected only one cell with three chromosome 20 signals with a mosaic trisomy 20 level of 1% (1/101 cells), compared with 0% in normal control. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes and parental bloods excluded uniparental disomy 20. At 38 weeks of gestation, a phenotypically normal 3120-g female baby was delivered. Cytogenetic analysis of cord blood, placental tissue and umbilical cord revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. The neonate was normal at postnatal follow-ups. Postnatal interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on 100 buccal mucosal cells revealed no trisomy 20 signals. CONCLUSION: Mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis can be a cultured artifact. Complete cytogenetic discrepancy may occur between cultured amniocytes and uncultured amniocytes in mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis, and molecular cytogenetic analysis on uncultured amniocytes is useful for rapid distinguishing true mosaicism from pseudomosaicism under such as circumstance.

A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes.

The sequencing of modern and ancient genomes from around the world has revolutionized our understanding of human history and evolution. However, the problem of how best to characterize ancestral relationships from the totality of human genomic variation remains unsolved. Here, we address this challenge with nonparametric methods that enable us to infer a unified genealogy of modern and ancient humans. This compact representation of multiple datasets explores the challenges of missing and erroneous data and uses ancient samples to constrain and date relationships. We demonstrate the power of the method to recover relationships between individuals and populations as well as to identify descendants of ancient samples. Finally, we introduce a simple nonparametric estimator of the geographical location of ancestors that recapitulates key events in human history.

Interstitial duplication of 20q11.22q13.11: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Reports of interstitial duplication of chromosome 20q11 are rare with only nine published patients to date. METHODS: We performed karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis on a peripheral blood sample for our patient and reviewed the genes in the region to provide genotype-phenotype correlation. RESULTS: Clinical features of the patient include minor dysmorphic facial features, shorthands and feet, bilateral conductive hearing loss, global developmental delay, and behavioral issues with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Together with previously published cases of 20q11 duplication, we show that patients with overlapping duplications share a similar clinical phenotype of dysmorphic craniofacial features and developmental delay. CONCLUSION: We report an 8-year-old girl with a 9.1 Mb interstitial duplication of chromosome 20q11.22q13.11. Our observations suggest that a novel duplication syndrome and documentation of similar cases will further help clarify the phenotype.

Chromosome 20q11.21 Amplifications in Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal carcinoma in western countries. Prognosis of metastatic colorectal cancer has improved in the last decades, but the disease continues to carry an adverse outcome in most cases. An improved understanding of molecular pathogenesis has provided incremental benefits in survival outcomes with the introduction of targeted therapies for specific sub-types and gives hope for further improvements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Publicly available data from genomic series of colorectal cancer published by the TCGA were analyzed with the aim of characterizing the sub-set of colorectal cancers carrying amplifications of chromosome 20q11.21, compared with cancers with no amplifications in this locus. Associations of 20q11.21-amplified cancers with other molecular lesions commonly observed in colorectal cancer were explored. mRNA expression of genes from the locus in amplified cases was analyzed. An exploratory survival analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Amplifications of genes at chromosome arm 20q are observed in 7% to 9% of colorectal cancers, representing the most commonly amplified loci in this type of cancer. The 20q11.21 presents the highest amplification rate in the 20q arm. 20q11.21 amplified cancers display concomitant mutations in the KRAS pathway and SMAD4 less often than non-amplified cancers. Mutations in DNA repair genes are also less often encountered in 20q11.21 amplified colorectal cancers than non-amplified ones. CONCLUSION: Amplification of genes at locus 20q11.21, representing the most frequently amplified locus in colorectal cancers, is associated with specific molecular characteristics and may have therapeutic implications.

Maternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 20 (UPD(20)mat) as Differential Diagnosis of Silver Russell Syndrome: Identification of Three New Cases.

Silver Russell Syndrome (SRS, MIM #180860) is a rare growth retardation disorder in which clinical diagnosis is based on six features: pre- and postnatal growth failure, relative macrocephaly, prominent forehead, body asymmetry, and feeding difficulties (Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS)). The molecular mechanisms consist in (epi)genetic deregulations at multiple loci: the loss of methylation (LOM) at the paternal H19/IGF2:IG-DMR (chr11p15.5) (50%) and the maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD(7)mat) (10%) are the most frequent causes. Thus far, about 40% of SRS remains undiagnosed, pointing to the need to define the rare mechanisms in such a consistent fraction of unsolved patients. Within a cohort of 176 SRS with an NH-CSS ≥ 3, a molecular diagnosis was disclosed in about 45%. Among the remaining patients, we identified in 3 probands (1.7%) with UPD(20)mat (Mulchandani-Bhoj-Conlin syndrome, OMIM #617352), a molecular mechanism deregulating the GNAS locus and described in 21 cases, characterized by severe feeding difficulties associated with failure to thrive, preterm birth, and intrauterine/postnatal growth retardation. Our patients share prominent forehead, feeding difficulties, postnatal growth delay, and advanced maternal age. Their clinical assessment and molecular diagnostic flowchart contribute to better define the characteristics of this rare imprinting disorder and to rank UPD(20)mat as the fourth most common pathogenic molecular defect causative of SRS.

Prenatal diagnosis of 20p13 microdeletion syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to report the first case of prenatal diagnosis of the fetal 20p13 microdeletion syndrome in the literature. CASE REPORT: The mother was 31 years old and had a first trimester serum screening that indicated the fetus was at low risk. The prenatal ultrasound at 23 weeks of gestation showed mild ventriculomegaly (10.2 mm) and absent septum pellucidum. She underwent amniocentesis because of the abnormal imaging results. Karyotype analysis revealed normal results. Chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) was then performed to provide genetic analysis of the fetus and parents. CMA detected 317.902 kb deletion of 20p13 in fetus. Finally, pregnancy was terminated at 32 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to report the prenatal diagnosis of a 20p13 microdeletion syndrome. Our results further confirmed that genes in this region, including SOX12, NRSN2 are essential for normal fetal growth and TBC1D20 for normal brain development.

Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Neonatal White Matter Microstructure.

A better understanding of genetic influences on early white matter development could significantly advance our understanding of neurological and psychiatric conditions characterized by altered integrity of axonal pathways. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) phenotypes in 471 neonates. We used a hierarchical functional principal regression model (HFPRM) to perform joint analysis of 44 fiber bundles. HFPRM revealed a latent measure of white matter microstructure that explained approximately 50% of variation in our tractography-based measures and accounted for a large proportion of heritable variation in each individual bundle. An intronic SNP in PSMF1 on chromosome 20 exceeded the conventional GWAS threshold of 5 x 10-8 (p = 4.61 x 10-8). Additional loci nearing genome-wide significance were located near genes with known roles in axon growth and guidance, fasciculation, and myelination.

Chromosome 20 loss is characteristic of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a very rare type of T-cell lymphoma that is uniquely caused by a single environmental stimulus. Here, we present a comprehensive genetic analysis of a relatively large series of BIA-ALCL (n = 29), for which genome-wide chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) and mutational profiles for a subset (n = 7) were determined. For comparison, CNAs for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- nodal anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs; n = 24) were obtained. CNAs were detected in 94% of BIA-ALCLs, with losses at chromosome 20q13.13 in 66% of the samples. Loss of 20q13.13 is characteristic of BIA-ALCL compared with other classes of ALCL, such as primary cutaneous ALCL and systemic type ALK+ and ALK- ALCL. Mutational patterns confirm that the interleukin-6-JAK1-STAT3 pathway is deregulated. Although this is commonly observed across various types of T-cell lymphomas, the extent of deregulation is significantly higher in BIA-ALCL, as indicated by phosphorylated STAT3 immunohistochemistry. The characteristic loss of chromosome 20 in BIA-ALCL provides further justification to recognize BIA-ALCL as a separate disease entity. Moreover, CNA analysis may serve as a parameter for future diagnostic assays for women with breast implants to distinguish seroma caused by BIA-ALCL from other causes of seroma accumulation, such as infection or trauma.

Functional in vivo and in vitro effects of 20q11.21 genetic aberrations on hPSC differentiation.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have promising therapeutic applications due to their infinite capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. Genomic stability is imperative for the clinical use of hPSCs; however, copy number variation (CNV), especially recurrent CNV at 20q11.21, may contribute genomic instability of hPSCs. Furthermore, the effects of CNVs in hPSCs at the whole-transcriptome scale are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the functional in vivo and in vitro effects of frequently detected CNVs at 20q11.21 during early-stage differentiation of hPSCs. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling of abnormal hPSCs revealed that the differential gene expression patterns had a negative effect on differentiation potential. Transcriptional heterogeneity identified by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of embryoid bodies from two different isogenic lines of hPSCs revealed alterations in differentiated cell distributions compared with that of normal cells. RNA-seq analysis of 22 teratomas identified several differentially expressed lineage-specific markers in hPSCs with CNVs, consistent with the histological results of the altered ecto/meso/endodermal ratio due to CNVs. Our results suggest that CNV amplification contributes to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell fate specification. This work shows the functional consequences of recurrent genetic abnormalities and thereby provides evidence to support the development of cell-based applications.

CROMqs: An infinitesimal successive refinement lossy compressor for the quality scores.

The amount of sequencing data is growing at a fast pace due to a rapid revolution in sequencing technologies. Quality scores, which indicate the reliability of each of the called nucleotides, take a significant portion of the sequencing data. In addition, quality scores are more challenging to compress than nucleotides, and they are often noisy. Hence, a natural solution to further decrease the size of the sequencing data is to apply lossy compression to the quality scores. Lossy compression may result in a loss in precision, however, it has been shown that when operating at some specific rates, lossy compression can achieve performance on variant calling similar to that achieved with the losslessly compressed data (i.e. the original data). We propose Coding with Random Orthogonal Matrices for quality scores (CROMqs), the first lossy compressor designed for the quality scores with the "infinitesimal successive refinability" property. With this property, the encoder needs to compress the data only once, at a high rate, while the decoder can decompress it iteratively. The decoder can reconstruct the set of quality scores at each step with reduced distortion each time. This characteristic is specifically useful in sequencing data compression, since the encoder does not generally know what the most appropriate rate of compression is, e.g. for not degrading variant calling accuracy. CROMqs avoids the need of having to compress the data at multiple rates, hence incurring time savings. In addition to this property, we show that CROMqs obtains a comparable rate-distortion performance to the state-of-the-art lossy compressors. Moreover, we also show that it achieves a comparable performance on variant calling to that of the lossless compressed data while achieving more than 50% reduction in size.

Deletion rescue resulting in segmental homozygosity: A mechanism underlying discordant NIPT results.

With the increasing capabilities of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), detection of sub-chromosomal deletions and duplications are possible. This case series of deletion rescues resulting in segmental homozygosity helps provide a biological explanation for NIPT discrepancies and adds to the dearth of existing literature surrounding segmental UPD cases and their underlying mechanisms. In the three cases presented here, NIPT reported a sub-chromosomal deletion (in isolation or as part of a complex finding). Diagnostic testing, however, revealed segmental homozygosity or UPD for the region reported deleted on NIPT. Postnatal placental testing was pursued in two cases and confirmed the NIPT findings. This discordance between the screening and diagnostic testing is suggestive of a corrective post-zygotic event, such as telomere capture and/or deletion rescue, ultimately resulting in segmental homozygosity and fetoplacental mosaicism. Imprinted chromosomes and autosomal recessive disease genes make homozygosity an important clinical consideration. Amniocentesis with SNP microarray is particularly useful in determining both copy number and UPD issues alike.

Ebstein anomaly associated with cri du chat (cat's cry) syndrome and 20q duplication.

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart defect with a low prevalence and high mortality in the early stages of life. In medical literature, there is no reported association between Ebstein anomaly and cri du chat syndrome. Here, we report the case of a full-term newborn with a low weight for his age and who had a prenatal diagnosis of Ebstein anomaly and a postnatal diagnosis of cri du chat syndrome and 20q duplication detected on array CGH. The patient required medical treatment with inotropic support, high-frequency ventilation and nitric oxide, with an adequate response. Surgical intervention was not needed.

Genome-wide association study of emotional empathy in children.

The genetic contribution to different aspects of empathy is now established, although the exact loci are unknown. We undertook a genome-wide association study of emotional empathy (EE) as measured by emotion recognition skills in 4,780 8-year old children from the ALSPAC cohort who were genotyped and imputed to Phase 1 version 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project. We failed to find any genome-wide significant signal in either our unstratified analysis or analysis stratified according to sex. A gene-based association analysis similarly failed to find any significant loci. In contrast, our transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) with a whole blood reference panel identified two significant loci in the unstratified analysis, residualised for the effects of age, sex and IQ. One signal was for CD93 on chromosome 20; this gene is not strongly expressed in the brain, however. The other signal was for AL118508, a non-protein coding pseudogene, which completely lies within CD93's genomic coordinates, thereby explaining its signal. Neither are obvious candidates for involvement in the brain processes that underlie emotion recognition and its developmental pathways.

Haploinsufficiency of the FOXA2 associated with a complex clinical phenotype.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports describing the proximal deletions of the short arm of chromosome 20, making it difficult to predict the likely consequences of these deletions. Most previously reported cases have described the association of 20p11.2 deletions with Alagille syndrome, while there are others that include phenotypes such as panhypopituitarism, craniofacial dysmorphism, polysplenia, autism, and Hirschsprung disease. METHODS: Molecular karyotyping, cytogenetics, and DNA sequencing were undertaken in a child to study the genetic basis of a complex phenotype consisting of craniofacial dysmorphism, ocular abnormalities, ectopic inguinal testes, polysplenia, growth hormone deficiency, central hypothyroidism, and gastrointestinal system anomalies. RESULTS: We report the smallest described de novo proximal 20p11.2 deletion, which deletes only the FOXA2 leading to the above complex phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Haploinsufficiency of the FOXA2 only gene is associated with a multisystem disorder.

Prenatal diagnosis of low-level mosaic trisomy 20 by amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome.

OBJECTIVE: We present prenatal diagnosis of low-level mosaic trisomy 20 by amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+20[8]/46,XX[23]. The parental karyotypes were normal, and prenatal ultrasound findings were unremarkable. Repeat amniocentesis performed at 20 weeks of gestation revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+20[2]/46,XX[19]. Simultaneous molecular cytogenetic tests using uncultured amniocytes revealed no genomic imbalance in array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis and a mosaic level of 14.3% (15/105 cells) in interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis using the DNAs extracted from uncultured amniocytes and parental bloods excluded uniparental disomy 20. At 39 weeks of gestation, a phenotypically normal 3580-g female baby was delivered without any structural abnormality. The neonate was doing well at age two years during postnatal follow-ups. Her psychomotor development was normal. Interphase FISH analysis of urinary cells revealed no trisomy 20 signals in 45/45 urinary cells. The peripheral blood had a karyotype of 46,XX in 40/40 lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: Fetuses with low-level mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis can have a favorable outcome. Molecular cytogenetic analysis on uncultured amniocytes is useful for confirmatory diagnosis of the mosaic level in case of mosaic trisomy 20 at amniocentesis with different mosaic levels at different amniocenteses.

Cytogenetic discrepancy between cultured amniocytes and uncultured amniocytes in mosaic double trisomy involving trisomy 7 and trisomy 20 (48,XY,+7,+20) at amniocentesis.

OBJECTIVE: We present mosaic double trisomy involving trisomy 7 and trisomy 20 at amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome. CASE REPORT: A 41-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a result of 48,XY,+7,+20[6]/46,XY[26] in cultured amniocytes. At 19 weeks of gestation, repeat amniocentesis was performed, which revealed a result of 48,XY,+7,+20[4]/46,XY[21] in cultured amniocytes. Simultaneous molecular cytogenetic analyses on uncultured amniocytes at repeat amniocentesis revealed no genomic imbalance in array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, no trisomy 7 and no trisomy 20 signals in 114/114 cells in interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, and no uniparental disomy (UPD) 7 and no UPD 20 in quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) analysis. Interphase FISH analysis on cultured amniocytes revealed double trisomy of trisomy 7 and trisomy 20 in 5/105 cells (4.7%) compared with 0/100 cells (0%) in the normal control. Prenatal ultrasound findings were unremarkable. The parental karyotypes were normal. The woman decided to continue the pregnancy, and a healthy 2880-g phenotypically normal male baby was delivered at 34 weeks of gestation without any structural abnormality. The cord blood had a normal karyotype. Interphase FISH analysis of the urinary cells revealed no trisomy 7 and no trisomy 20 signals in 51/51 urinary cells. CONCLUSION: Cytogenetic discrepancy between cultured amniocytes and uncultured amniocytes can occur in mosaicism for double trisomy involving trisomy 7 and trisomy 20 at amniocentesis. Molecular cytogenetic analyses such as aCGH, FISH and QF-PCR on uncultured amniocytes are useful for rapid distinguishing true mosaicism from pseudomosaicism under such a circumstance.